The+Kids+of+Widney+High

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 * 106 BC || Marcus Tullius Cicero born at Arpinum 3 January. ||
 * c.94-90 BC || He was Educated in philosophy and rhetoric. ||
 * c.90 BC || serves in the army in the Social War under Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, father of Pompey the Great. ||
 * c.89 BC || Studies law under Quintus Mucius Scaevola and Scaevola’s cousin of the same name. ||
 * 88-82 BC || There is Civil unrest. ||
 * 82-79 BC || Sulla becomes Dictator. His rein begins. ||
 * 79 BC || Successfully defends Sextus Roscius Amerinus against a charge of parricide. ||
 * 70 BC || First consulship of Crassus and Pompey. Cicero successfully prosecutes Verres for extortion. ||
 * 68 BC || Surviving correspondence with Atticus begins. ||
 * 62 BC || Pompey returns to Italy. ||
 * 61 BC || Caesar is governor in Spain. ||
 * 60 BC || First Triumvirate, in which Cicero refuses to participate. ||
 * 59 BC || Caesar is consul. ||
 * 58 BC || Clodius is tribune of the people. Cicero declared an exile. ||
 * 57 BC || Cicero returns from exile. ||
 * 56 BC || Death of Piso Frugi. Renewal of “First Triumvirate”. Cicero delivers in the senate //De Provinciis Consularibus//, in favour of Caesar. ||
 * 55 BC || Second consulship of Crassus and Pompey. Tullia marries Furius Crassipes. Cicero publishes //De Oratore//, on rhetoric, and //In Pisonem//, a speech attacking Calpurnius Piso, Caesar’s father-in-law. ||
 * 53 BC || Death of Crassus in Parthia. Cicero elected to college of augurs. ||
 * 52 BC || Death of Clodius. Pompey is sole consul. Divorce of Tullia and Crassipes. ||
 * 50 BC || Tullia marries Cornelius Dolabella. Tullia's father disagree with the marrage. ||
 * 49 BC || Beginning of civil war. Cicero decides not to attend the session of the senate which Caesar has called in Rome, and subsequently joins the camp of Pompey in Greece. ||
 * 48 BC || Defeat and subsequent murder of Pompey. Caesar appointed dictator. In October Cicero returns to Italy. ||
 * 47 BC || In September Cicero meets Caesar. Caesar gives him permission to go where and when he likes. ||
 * 45 BC || Death of Tullia. Cicero divorces Publilia. ||
 * 44 BC || Assassination of Caesar. ||
 * 43 BC || Second Triumvirate orders the death of Cicero. ||
 * 30 BC || Mark Anthony kills/assassinated Cicero. ||

__**Section Text**__



 An important leader in history was born 6 years after Cicero himself in 100 B.C.   Julius Caesar, in his early career, joined the military and served under Marcus Minucius Thermus in Asia and Servilius Isauricus in Cilicia. He served with distinction, winning the Civic Crown for his part in the siege of Mytilene. Sulla, in 80 BC resigned his dictatorship, and after serving among the consul, retired to a private, personal life. Caesar being exiled from Rome returned after the death of Sulla. He was asked to join, at the time, an anti-Sullan group but he refused the invatation because he lacked confidence in the leadership of Lepidus's leadership.     A very intelligent philosopher in Rome around 99 B.C. went by the name of Lucretius. He wrote numerous amount of entries and books. The most notable book that Lucretius wrote was called  "De rerum natura" (On the nature of things). He was of the Epicurean culture which was inherited from Greek philosopher Democritus. The Epicurean culture is about the devotion of living the greatest life and enjoying the best things through the thoughts of superiority. Democritus believed that all matter consisted of atoms. This is where Lucretius got his motives to write his 2nd most notable book called "Movements and shapes of Atoms". He explains the motion by which the generative bodies of matter give birth to various things and then dissolve. There are three types of atomic motion. The first type is that atoms move at the same speed and in the same direction. The second is the collisions of the atoms. The third motion is the clinamen or the swerve, small change of direction in the course of an atom's downward fall. Because of his theories and first thoughts it encouraged other great intelligent philosophers to update and learn more about the truth of atoms.  Because of the Patricians were the upper classes of the society, the Plebians looked to them for help. At the time Rome was struggling with the society they could not support the thousands  <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">of poor people who were starving. The Patricians took them under their wing, supported them, and kept them alive. In return, the Plebians were forced to vote for their masters for the tribune positions of power. This was a way for the tribunes to continue their terms in office and remain have their say in the government. Over the years of unfair treatment, the Plebians started many conflicts in the government. A civil war had broken out throughout Rome from about 88-87 B.C.  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> T  <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">he tension between plebeians and patricians, the poor and the rich of Rome was not resolved and so grew into increasingly cruel civil wars between generals such as that between Marius and Sulla each of whom slew thousands of personal opponents whether Romans or not. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">The poor Plebians were trying to unchange the traditional way of stoicism, which is the showing of no emotion. Due to the tribunes selfishness, they felt mistreated and wanted a say in the government through the opportunity of voting. This war was between Caius Marius, who was a republican of plebian origin, and Sylla who was for the aristocrat party and was one of the largest patricians in Rome. This rivalry developed because they were fighting over who should be the commander of the expedition against the Mithridates in 89 B.C. Sylla was worried about losing his public authority, so he tried to win the votes of the people by participating in community events. Some of Sylla's soldiers wanted to leave his army and join forces with Marius' and his troops. Sylla ordered all betrayers to be stoned to death or killed otherwise. The second civil war broke out because of the actions of Julius Caesar about 50- 46 B.C. The senate demanded Caesar to hand over his well trained forces and army to a new elected governor. Caesar had the option to give them up that day or to rebel and to lead them into Italy. By rebelling and invading Italy he created the second civil war within twenty years. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> While Octavian was on his political rise for power, he has one of his closest associates assassinate Cicero. Cicero was a strong and intelligent political figure and the only way Octavian could receive his reign is if Cicero was eliminated. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">At the start of 72 BC, the formidable slave army of was Spartacus split into two forces. His part began the long march north to cross the Alps into freedom. Crixus, the commander of the second part of the army, stupidly failed to realize that the small victories they enjoyed were against under prepared and disinterested opponents. He stayed in southern Italy looting and pillaging to their hearts' content. After Spartacus and Crixus defeated the hastily recruited praetorian forces in 73 BC, however, the Senate reacted with a bit more enthusiasm. One force, under either the Consul Gellius or Qarrius the newly appointed governor of Sicily en route to his province, met up with Crixus at Mt. Garganus. With 3,000 Germanics split from the main force of Spartacus, Crixus and his small army were rounded up and utterly destroyed. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> Spartacus meanwhile was moving north, apparently with the intention of crossing the Alps into non-Roman territory. One Consul, Gneaus Cornelius Lentulus barred the gladiator's path while Gellius pursued. Hoping to crush Spartacus between them, the plan seemed to be working. Spartacus had little choice but to continue marching right into Lentulus, and did so with spectacular results. First Spartacus defeated Lentulus, then turned and did the same to Gellius in turn. Continuing to march north, the slave army then met with the Proconsular governor of Cisalpine Gaul, Cassius Longinus. Once again Spartacus and his misfit army turned out the victor. In retaliation for the death of Crixus, and perhaps for his own tenure as a Roman slave, Spartacus had 300 pairs of Roman prisoners fight as gladiators to the death. Clearly Spartacus, as has been popularly depicted, had no concern over the state of slavery or the gladiator games in the Roman world. He simply wished freedom for himself and any who joined him, not the complete social reform of the Roman system. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;">With Spartacus moving north and getting closer to freedom the victories were getting to him and he liked having power he turned his army around and headed south. Spartacus’s Army then grew to about 120,000 people. Now the Senate saw Spartacus’s Army as a threat.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif;"> Cicero was the spokesman of Rome and Antony was the council. Antony was seen as a very self-centered, and took unfair interpretations of Caesars intentions and orders. When Octavian arrived in Italy Cicero planned a way to rid of Antony. Antony became the enemy of the state when he didn't lift the siege Mutina. The assassins out to kill him caught him and decapitated him and took out his tongue for revenge. __Primary Source__

** Brutus to Atticus (Ad Brut. 17) early June, 43 B.C. ** He boasts to me that he has sustained war against Antony while he himself was in civilian clothing, our Cicero does: but what good is this to me, if the reward demanded for Antony's suppression is someone's succession to Antony's place, and if the avenger of that evil stands forth the instigator of another having a foundation and roots which are deeper? Are we so to suffer it, because these things which he now does are in fear of domination or [because they are in fear] of a dominator or [because they are in fear] of Antony? I myself however have no gratitude for a man who, while not serve an angered [dominator], does not deprecate the matter [of domination] itself....Let Octavius therefore call Cicero "father," refer all things to him, thank him; nevertheless this will become apparent: his words are contrary to what he is really doing....For what is it to our cause that Antony is conquered, if he has been conquered so that which he held lies open for another?....I myself certainly...will wage war against the thing itself, that is against kingship and extraordinary supreme commands and domination and power which would wish itself to be above the laws....

__Cicero Summery__ <span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-size: 12px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cicero was born into a wealthy but not aristocratic family in Arpinum (now Arpino, Italy). As a youth he studied law, oratory, literature, and philosophy in Rome. Cicero was a child prodigy in scholarly studies when he was a child. Many adults were even impressed with his incredible well developed knowledge. His knowledge soon turned to wisdom and gave advice to others. He served into the army under the command <span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;">Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo. When the first triumvirate came around Cicero refused to participate in the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;">arrangement. When Clodius became the tribune to the people Cicero became an exile to the people shortly to get out of the exile. Soon he started to give speeches to the people and then got into a profession as a college professor in augurs. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;">As a civil war starts Cicero moves to Greece. While in Greece Cicero applies his studies to phycological and philological thinking. When Pompey is murdered Cicero moves back to Rome. As he arrives Caesar lets Cicero roam wherever his heart desires. After a few years of Cicero's return, he entered senate in 74 B.C. In the consulship duals in 64 B.C. Caitiline tried to overthrow the government when Cicero was elected. Cicero tricked Caitiline and had him admit to his actions. Caitiline's conspirators were executed by Cicero's orders. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; line-height: normal; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;"> <object classid='clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000' codebase='http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,0,0' width='293' height='440' id='Blabberize.comPlayer' align='middle'><param name='allowScriptAccess' value='sameDomain' /><param name='movie' value='http://www.blabberize.com/swf/blabberembedp.swf' /><param name='quality' value='high' /><param name='scale' value='noscale' /><param name='salign' value='lt' /><param name='bgcolor' value='#ccffff' /><param name='FlashVars' value='id=64810' /><embed width='293' height='440' src='http://www.blabberize.com/swf/blabberembedp.swf' FlashVars='id=64810' quality='high' scale='noscale' salign='lt' bgcolor='#ccffff' name='Blabberize.comPlayer' align='middle' allowScriptAccess='sameDomain' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' pluginspage='http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer' />

http://www.timelineindex.com/content/view/556 http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cicero.htm