Across+the+Hellespont

1. Cicero was born in 106 B.C., at this same time the war with Jugurtha, a man  in a Roman province in Africa, was coming to an end. Even though Sulla had captured Jugurtha and brought him to Marius, Marius was declared the victor of the war. From the year's 113 B.C. to 101 B.C. the Roman army and it's political power was reformed primarily by Marius. Another fairly large war that occurred early on in Cicero's lifetime was the social war in which Rome fought it's Italian allies and this happened around 91 B.C.. In 88 B.C. there was conquest of Rome made by Sulla and a massacre of Roman's had occurred. One year later a revolution occurred by Cinna and Marius with a huge massacre of the Roman nobles this time. Cicero made his first speech in 81 B.C. and at this time Sulla had became dictator and the then new laws improve the Judicial system of Rome.  During Cicero's midlife many things happened in Rome. Around 73 BC Sparticus, a famous rebellion leader, gathered up a bunch of slaves gladiators and led them into a long and bloody rebellion that lasted over 3 years. In the year 63 BC Cicero, the famous political figure of the time became consul, one of the highest ranks you can get, and the only one higher than that was dictator, but that only happened in time of war or if the city was in danger. Also in the year 60 BC one of the greatest and worst things in Roman history happened. This was the foundation of the First Triumverant between Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey, all of which were famous Roman generals of the time. It is bad because there were three people trying to rule over the country which would lead to arguments which could put the city in danger. In 59 BC Caesar takes over Cicero's old spot as consul. Then in the next year Cicero gets banished from Rome, but it didn't last that long because in the next year he got recalled back into Rome.   While away, Caesar ordered a massive fleet to be built for a second crossing to Britain. This time, Caesar made modifications to his ships, having them built without the deep keels of standard Roman galleys. This would allow a more effective landing for his legions and cavalry. By July of 54 BC, after a short postponing caused by a tribe, Caesar was finally ready to go. With 800 ships, 5 legions and 2,000 cavalry, leaving 3 legions and 2,000 cavalry in Gaul under Labienus, Rome had one of the biggest naval landings in history. The sheer size of this military scared the Britons. The main British forces retreated inland to avoid Caesar, but he definitely pursued. One legion and 300 cavalry were left at the beach camp, while the bulk of the force marched towards the Britons. Small scale fighting couldn't stop the Roman advance and Caesar captured one hold out near modern Canterbury. Just as Caesar was about to press the attack, news arrived of another coastal storm that destroyed the bulk of his anchored fleet. Hurrying back to the camp, he ordered Labienus to build as many ships as he could in Gaul, and ordered his own men to repair the damage. After numerous decisive victories, Caesar was able to claim victory over the Britons.  Unable to raise armies, or develop a meaningful resistance, the Senate, and Pompey had little choice but to take their business out of Rome and into Greece. It was here, and further east, where Pompey held considerable power, where the Senate hoped to raise armies and defeat Caesar. This, however, worked in Caesars favor. The people in Italy had no real reason to go against the Republic of Rome. By early March of 49 B.C., Pompey had nearly 2 full legions with him in Brundisium. Caesar approached quickly with 6 legions in an attempt to put an end to the resistance then and there. Attempting to box Pompey in, Caesar tried to negotiate peace, but Pompey delayed just long enough to make his escape. Despite Caesar's attempts to block the harbor, the Republicans controlled the navy and Pompey escaped with his forces intact. Caesar decided the best course of action was to settle matters in Rome, then move north to deal with Labienus, and then west to confront Pompeys army in Spain. His emissary Curio was sent to Sicily with 3 legions where Cato was governor, to not only put an end to all resistance, but to secure its valuable grain supplies. Cato fled to Africa, angry at Pompey for abandoning Rome, Italy and Sicily without a fight and certainly because of the hated Caesar's success. Caesar sent another emissary, Valerius, with 1 legion to secure Sardinia.   Five years later, Caesar was all but King of Rome. On the morning of March 15, 44 BC, Caesar awoke to find his wife Calpurnia in a near panic. This was to be the last meeting between Caesar and the Senate before he left for Parthia just 3 days later. He certainly wanted to attend the session and take care of finalizing his agenda, but his wife's concern seems to have made an impact. Regardless, while the Senate and the conspirators anxiously awaited Caesar to arrive at Pompeys theater, Caesar decided to heed his wife's worries. He sent word to Antonius to dismiss the Senate based on religious omens. Decimus Brutus, Caesar's close friend and likely the least suspected member of the group, was sent to Caesar's home to convince him to come. He played on Caesar's dignity, mocking the priestly warnings that supposedly prevented Caesar from coming. He called Calpurnia's dreams silly, and appealed to Caesar's vanity by suggesting that the Senate was ready to vote him in as King. Certainly Caesar couldn't refuse the title that would assure him a guaranteed victory over the Parthians, as ordained by the Sybilline books. By 11 o' clock it seems that Caesar was convinced of the rightness of attending the meeting and set out with Decimus Brutus, despite his wife's pleas. When Caesar finally went to the senate house, the conspirators were waiting for him with concealed daggers. Caesar was consecutively stabbed over 23 times. The conspirators wanted to stab him at the same time so they could all share the “guilt.” Caesar pulled the folds of his toga over his head to prevent anyone seeing his face at death. 2. - Caesar and Pompey fighting-huge arms race between the two-Pompey thinks he deserves to be in charge but Caesar has more political power -Cicero is on Pompey's side and this is shown by making jokes about Caesar -Pompey knows why there will be war from meeting with Cicero -Pompey's soldiers aren't agreeing and getting along -Pompey fears peace for it might make him look weak -Caesar crosses the Rubicon and civil war begins -Pompey starts to fear Caesar though too late and it leads to his defeat -Pompey is defeated in 48 B.C. -Then Caesar is most likely assassinated -Octavian then says he will wage war against Antony if he becomes leader 3. War between Caesar and Pompey -Pompey doubled Caesar’s soldier count (but Caesar still dominated him because his men were stronger) -The battle was fought in Pharsalus -The senators and important people killed by Caesar were replaced by his own men making him more powerful -Pompey could have taken over Italy but chose to follow Caesar - Pompey survived the war and fled to Egypt where he was betrayed and beheaded, when the head of Pompey was cut off it was sent to Caesar and he showed respect by not looking at the head because historians believe that since they were once colleagues that friendly feelings still existed between the two men - Caesar then took over Rome in which he controlled almost every aspect of the government, military, and it’s people.

War between Caesar and Pompey

Caesar and Pompey were rivals fighting for political power in Rome. Pompey’s army had at least double the men that Caesar had but Caesar’s men were stronger and better trained which eventually greatly contributed to the loss of Pompey. The battle took place in an area called Pharsalus. A key thing that Caesar did to give him almost complete power after he had won was when he had killed senators and important people to the Republic, he then replaced them with his own men. After the war and Pompey had lost he still survived and fled to Egypt where he was betrayed and then beheaded. When the head of Pompey was cut off it was then sent to Caesar and he actually showed respect by not looking at the head because historian believe that since they were once colleagues that friendly feelings still existed between the two men. Caesar, after the war, then took over Rome in which he controlled almost every aspect of the government, military, and it’s people.

4) 112 to 106 BC War with Jugurtha; Marius wins 113 to 101 BC Army reforms and political power of Marius War with Cimbri and Teutons 96 BC Cyrene sent to Rome 91 BC War against the Italian allies 88 BC Conquest of Rome by Sulla, and recreation of the Senate War with Mithridates of Pontus. Massacre of Romans 87 BC Revolution of Cinna and Marius with massacre of nobles 82 BC Sulla returns and proscription of the democrats defeat Samnites at the Colline Gate of Rome 81 BC Sulla dicator. Cornelian Laws improve the judical system. Cicero's first speech Cisalpine Gaul becomes a province 74 BC Bithynia sent to Rome 73 BC Uprising of slaves under Spartacus 67 BC Pompey defeats pirates 63 BC Consulship of Cicero, who ended the conspiracy of Catiline. Pompey ends the Mithridatic War. New provinces organized 60 BC Union of Pompey, Caesar and Crassus, the "First Triumvirate" 59 BC Consulship of Caesar, and grant of the province of Gaul 58 BC Banishment of Cicero. Caesar defeats the Helvetians 57 BC Recall of Cicero. 56 BC Renewal of the "Triumvirate" at Lucca. 55 BC Caesar invades Britain 54 BC Second invasion of Britain 53 BC Defeat of Crassus by the Parthians. 52 BC Senate burnt in a riot. Pompey passes laws against Caesar. 51 BC Cicero governor of Cilicia 49 BC Caesar begins Civil War by crossing the Rubicon. 48 BC Battle of Pharsalus, defeat of Pompey. Caesar regulates Egypt, leaving Cleopatra as queen 46 BC Final defeat of Pompey's sons at Thapsus in Africa. Caesar dicator. 45 BC Caesar enlarges the senate and regulates the municipal constitutions of the Italian towns 44 BC Assassination of Caesar. Antonius in command of Rome. Cicero's Philippics 43 BC Octavian, Caesar's heir defeats Antony at Mutina and is elected consul. "Second Triumvirate"

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6) [|trees.jpg] 7) Chapter 5 Quiz Name_

__Multiple Choice: Circle the correct answer.

1) Cicero was born in the year. a) 100 bc (c) 105 bc b) 106 bc (d) 110 bc 2) The Famous man who sparked a rebellion had the name. a) Spartacus (c) Caesar b) Pompey (d) Artemidorus 3) Caesar led the second crossing of _ to attack the Gauls. a) France (c) Britain b) Persia (d) Germania 4) In 59 bc, Cicero lost his spot in consul to _ a) Pompey (c) Sulla b) Marius (d) Caesar True and False: Write true if the answer is completely true, and false if it is completely false. 5)__ __Although winning small-scale battles, Caesar lost the battle of Briton. 6)__ __Caesar was assassinated by many senators, so they could all share the guilt of their actions. 7)__ __Caesar’s wife was named Lucretia. 8)__ __Pompey tried to raise an army to defeat Caesar when he was trying to get too much power. Fill in the Blank: Write in the correct answer in the blank. 9) Another name of an emissary is a (an)__ . 10) During the fighting in Briton, Caesar captured one hold out near modern _. 11) The First Triumvirate was created in the year __b.c. 12)__ _ was Caesar’s close friend who went to his house to convince him to go to the senate house.