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** Fall of the Roman Republic- 133-27 BC **
The republic system of government under went a painful violent transition from irresponsible oligarchy to a more accountable autocratic form of government. There were four main factors that lead to the fall of the republic. The first was the rise of the popular tribunes. The second was the rise of private armies. The third was the first triumvirate. The fourth was Caesar's rain of dictatorship.

Popular Tribunes
Ti and C. Sempronius, which were brothers, Seized power in rome by taking over the power of the plebeian tribuneship. They used their sacred power to veto all public activities in the city in order for the senate and magistrates to focus on their own political problems. in order to restore order to the military they tried reclaiming public land in order to pu t landless poor citizens back onto land. Roman citizen status was granted to the italian allies by C Sempronius. Both brothers ended up being killed by urban mob violence treated by the aristocracy.

Rise of Private Armies
C. Marius and L. Cornelius Sulla, recruited private armies who would be more loyal to them when the oligarchy failed to resolve the military problem. They also recruited landless poor citizens into the draft by giving them land upon discharge. Both generals made grants of citizenship to allied forces. the soldiers status as roman or allied mattered little to the generals. during the social war and the Asian rebellion the two men came to blows in 88 BC. Sulla had violent feelings witch helped persuade his field army in Southern italy to march on the city of rome to end Marius and his followers. The civil war began and the solders loyalties began to gradually transfer from the laws of the state to the people of their commanding officers. Sulla won against Mithradates and the Marian element in italy. Sulla also attempted to impose a reactionary political reform on rome as dictatorship.

**The First Triumvirate**
The First Triumvirate also known as the Great Roman Civil War was fought between 53 BC - 45 BC. The First Triumvirate was made up of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. Crassus was soon to die in 53 BC after the Battle of Carrhae. One Crassus died civil war broke out between Ceasar and Pompey for the right of control of Rome. In 49 BC, with Pompey having the backing of the Senate, Caesar was asked to give up his army and the province of Gaul. Caesar did not take this well and went over the Rubicon and fought for five years. After the five years were done, Caesar defeated the enemies and was the remaining ruler for Rome. Some key Battles: Carrhae (53 BC) Ilerda (49 BC) Utica (49 BC) Bagrades River ( 24 Aug 48 BC) Dyrrachium (48 BC) Alexandria (48 BC) Pharsalus (9 Aug 48 BC) Zela (47 BC) Ruspina (46 BC) Thapsus (46 BC) Munda (45 BC) =**Caesar's Dictatorship** = = = = = Caesar was given a 10-year dictatorship to restore the Republic. His idea was to put himself as a King if the Hellenistic Culture. With all this power Caesar called himself Dictator in Perpetuo. Caesar was then murdered in a conspiracy. At that point Rome came up with a rule for a one-man rule. The big question when he died was who was going to take over? The rule went over to Octavian.

**Primary Source**
= Cicero to Atticus (Ad Att. 7.5) Dec. 17?, 50 B.C. Formiae = = =

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....Concerning the Res Publica, daily I am more afraid. For the Good Men {Pompey's faction} are not—as is thought—in agreement. How many Roman Equestrians, how many Senators I myself have seen, who most bitterly about everything else and especially about this journey of Pompey's complain! Peace is what we need. From victory many evils and especially—certainly—a tyrant will come into being....======

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All that is left is to make jokes—if this man {Caesar} allows it. For I myself am one who thinks that it is more beneficial to concede to him what he demands than to bring ourselves into war. For it is late for us to resist him, when for ten years we have nourished him against us.....======

Res Publica is the Roman Republic

Good Men is the Senators (Pompey’s guys that he controls)

The Roman Equestrians were middle class people that had money but were not considered Plebeians

This sections would be in the chapter of the Roman Republic.

The first section would be the rise of the Roman Republic. The rise of the Roman Republic came with the rape of Lucretia. That event overthrown the Etuscan King. The move from monarchy to republic was not easy. The new republic relied upon its Senate to oversee the government and the election of some head officials. Two of the big head officials was the consul. This today would be like our president. Each person would serve one year and each were given the power to veto. The selection of the consul had to be proved by the Assembly. The consul could declare an emergency and aquire absolute power for six months, but could not have the power to declare war.

The second section is the Fall of the Roman Republic. The Fall of the Roman Republic had 4 main causes. The four main causes are; the rise of popular tribunes, rise of private armies, the first triumvirate, and Caesar'sdictatorship. The rise of popular tribunes is when two brothers, Ti and C, seized power in Rome by taking over the Plebian Tribuneship. Both brothers eneded up being killed by an urban mob violence treated by the aristocracy. The rise of private armies is when Marius and Sulla recruited private armies who would be more loyal to them when the oligarchy failed to resolve the military problem.They also recruited landless poor citizens intothe draft by giving them land upon their discharge. When the civil war began the loyalty to the state transfered to that of the commanders. The First Triumvirate also known as the Great Roman Civil War was fought between 53 BC- 45 BC. The First Triumvirate was made up of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. Crassus died and finally Caesar got control of Rome. The final part was the dictatorship of Caesar. Caesar was given a 10-year dictatorship to help restore the Republic. Caesar had the idea of going back to the Hellenistic Culture. Caesar was murdered in a conspiracy and Octavian took over control.

The last section will be the Second Triumvirate. The second triumvirate consisted of Octavian, Marius Lepidus, and Mark Antony. The second triumvirate started in 43 BC. When Antony became involved with Cleopatra(Egypt's Pharaoh) and decided to fight Rome, Octavian defeated his force. Once Antony was gone and Lepidus was forced to retire, Octavian took over.

**Chapter Timeline**
509 BC- Overthrowing of Etuscan King 509 BC- Formation of Roman Republic 501 BC- Appointment of first ever dictator 59 BC- The First Triumvirate formed 49-45 BC- Civil War breaks out between Caesar and Pompey 48 BC- Pompey dies 43 BC- Second Triumvirate formed 37 BC- Antony marries Cleopatra 30 BC- Antony and Cleopatra killed 28 BC- Octavian takes charge.

**The Chapter Assessment**
1. What are the four main causes of the fall of the Roman Republic? 2. How long was Caesar's Dictatorship and what was his idea of helping the Roman Republic? 3. Explain the idea of popular tribunes? 4. Explain the rise of private armies? 5. Who was involved in the first triumvirate and what was the outcome? 6. Explain the rise of the Roman Republic? 7. Explain the second triumvirate?

Enrichment
- ** __Roman Revolution__ ** : Rome was a democracy in 133 BC, and over a hundred years later was ruled by an emperor. At the end of the second century BC, the Roman people was sovereign. During this period of time, rich aristocrats dominated politics. A man had to be very rich in order to become one of the annually elected magistrates. The wealthy social class in society during this time was given the advantage of having more influence with the system of voting. Although the wealthy was given more weight in society, the ultimate power lay with the Roman people. Magistrates were elected by mass assemblies, and they made the laws and decided major state decisions. Being a "free public" was what Rome prided itself on, and centuries later was the political model for the founding fathers of the United States. Popular elections began to disappear when the first emperor, Augstus died. Power was located in the imperial palace. Augustus's heirs inherited his rule over the Roman world. This was nothing short of a revolution that was caused over a century of constant civil war and occasionally open warfare. The constant civil war ended among the people when Augustus finally defeated his last remaining rivals Mark Antony and Cleopatara, which he was then able to establish himself on the throne.



**Sites**
http://ehistory.osu.edu/middleeast/WarView.cfm?WID=66

http://www.unrv.com/fall-republic/caesar-dictator.php

http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~rauhn/fall_of_republic.htm

http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0210200/ancient_rome/rome.htm

http://www.planetware.com/i/map/I/ancient-rome-map.jpg

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_PCbJqrbBrWg/RhaLRZ6VTjI/AAAAAAAAAEg/FwriMidaD44/s320/Marcus+Licinius+Crassus.bmp

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Mark_Antony_Vatican.jpg

http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/wchuang/cooking/recipes/Roman/

http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Workshop/5220/ancient/roman.html

http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Venue/1452/ROMAN.HTML

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