TMTS

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The Fall **of the Roman Republic: 133-27 BC**  

**    There is no one explanation that accounts for Rome's decline and fall, but the main points as to why Rome fell were bad emperors, economic decline, plagues, mass migration, religion, money problems, and military problems  .  Despite the obvious fact that the majority of Roman emperors were scheming, devious, or obviously insane; the world dominated the social life of a Roman citizen in the Empire. Rome had always had its fair share of bad emperors, but they were always followed by good emperors to correct their errors. For example great generals like Stilicho were killed because the emperor feared losing his throne to them. If you kill your best generals, your army will never be as good as it could be. **

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 The plague also played a role and occurred in 251 AD and it raged for 15 years, and it went right in the middle of the dreadful 3rd Century Crisis. It is believed to have been either smallpox or the measles. This plague unbalanced the classical civilization because it killed people that kept and maintained the Roman Social Order such as the army, taxpayers, workers, and rulers. It also caused the survivors of the plague to turn away from Paganism to Christianity and other religions. The plague effects lasted for centuries and caused the population of the Mediterranean World to fall for about 800 years before recovery. By killing more Romans than Barbarians and Civil Wars combined, by an order of magnitude, these catastrophes may have been the trigger for the fall of Rome and the eclipse of Classical Civilization. ======

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 The rise of Christianity did play a small, but significant, part in the decline of rome, it destroyed traditional Roman beliefs, values and caused conflicts between Christians and those who continued to hold to the old pagan philosophies. These conflicts led to persecution of the Christians, until the first Christian Emperor of Rome, Constantine, put a stop to the persecution. ======   Another reason as to why the roman empire fell was the military. The Roman military even though it was the greatest army ever, it began to deteriorate around the fifth century. Many things contributed to the military problems such as military tactics, decisions, and barbarian attacks. Military problems were caused because of low funds for the army and the problems in getting new recruits from the Empire. Problems in the tactics and decisions included military often recruiting barbarians for the Roman Army. The barbarians could not be trusted and they attack the Empire many times. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The First Triumvirate also played a role in the decline of the Roman Empire. There were three men that made up the triumvirate,Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar. They combined their influences to seize power of Rome. Pompey was an extremely popular general who defeated numerous enemies of the oligarchy. Pompey had a loyal private army, but proved politically incapable of delivering on his promises of lad and bounties. As an officer of Sulla during the Civil War, Crassus had made himself the wealthiest man in Rome by profiting from Sulla's proscriptions, such as the outlawing of Roman Citizens by putting their names on lists and putting a price on their heads, wanted dead or alive. All proscribed citizens saw their civil rights nullified and their property confiscated and auctioned off by the state. Crassus exploited the proscriptions to acquire as much as 20%of the property in the City of Rome. He also used his wealth to buy influence in the Senate. Caesar began his career in a seemingly hopeless situation as the nephew C. Marius confronted by the dictatorship of Sulla. As a young aristocrat Caesar excelled at manipulation of the symbols of Marian reform and public generosity and became the darling of the masses by the late 60s BC. By offering his political abilities to aid Pompey and Crassus with their political agendas, he rose to the consulship in 59BC to work as a tool for his two more powerful partners. Having defeated all of his enemies,Caesar was granted a 10-year dictatorship for purposes of restoring the republic. His solution was to reconstitute himself as a Roman for of Hellenistic divine king or ruler. Since 510BC, the Romans prided themselves w ith having obtained their freedom by expelling their Etruscan King. In early 44BC he declared himself dictator in Perpetuo. He was murdered by a conspiracy of 60 senators a few weeks later. At this point the precedent of rule by one man had been established at rome. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> The Second Triumvirate played a role in the decline of the Roman Empire. The Second Triumvirate was created on November 26th, 43 BC, and consisted of Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian. However, the only person that had more power than the Triumvirate was Sulla. The new government was a joint dictatorship, where the three members had ultimate authority capable of completely disregarding Republican and Senatorial tradition through the use of military force. The creation of the Second Triumvirate effectively ended the effort by Cicero to reinstate the Senate as the sovereign body of the Republic. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> **Tiberius:**


 * Born in 42 B.C.
 * Father fled rome from the 2nd triumvirate- republican beliefs
 * Parents divorced at the age of 4
 * Mother married Octavian
 * Had a military career with younger brothers
 * 11 B.C. Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce his wife and marry Julia
 * 6 B.C. Tiberius retired to Rhodes
 * 2 A.D. Returned to Rome
 * 4 A.D. Tiberius was adopted as Augustus's son, then Tiberius adopted his nephew
 * Went on and campaigned in northern Germany, securing the frontier and returning to Rome as a hero
 * 14 A.D. Tiberius succeeded Augustus
 * Rule was positive
 * Improved the civil service and restored Rome's financial condition
 * Lacked Augustus relationship with the Senate making him unpopular
 * Accused of poisioning Germanicus so his own son, Drusus could succeed in his position
 * But in 23 A.D. Drusus died causing questions about the succession
 * 35 A.D. Tiberius made Gaius and his own grandson Gemellus join heirs
 * Tiberius died in 37 A.D, and was succeeded by Gaius (also know as Caligula)


 * Social War:**


 * ====== The Social War was around 91-88 B.C. ======
 * ======It was fought between the Roman and their Italians allies.======
 * ======It was caused because the Romans wouldn't grant the Italians equality.======
 * ======This caused most of the allies to attempt to secede, but some like the Latium and nothern Campian stayed loyal to Rome.======
 * ======The Romans divided their army into two groups the north and the south======
 * ======The north was headed by Lupus and Marius======
 * ======The south was headed by Caesar and Sulla======
 * ======Rome gave any Italians who stopped fighting and who stayed loyal citizenship======
 * ======Sulla headed the Campanian forces======
 * ======Marius had no commission despite his successes in 90 B.C.======
 * ======Supplemental laws gave the franchise to the remaining Italians and people of the Italian regions of Gaul by 87.======
 * ======But there was still a unjustice because the new citizens were not equally distributed amoung the different tribes of Rome======

<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">**Primary Source:** Cicero to Atticus (Ad Att. 7.8.) Dec. 25/26, 50 {after another meeting with Pompey on the 25th} Formiae <span style="font-size: 75%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> ....If [Caesar] should run mad, [Pompey] is utterly contemptuous of the man and in his own and the Res Publica's resources has confidence....I was relieved of worry, hearing a man—brave and experienced and most strong in authority—discoursing like a statesman upon the dangers of a simulated peace. We had moreover in our hands [Mark] Antony's speech made on Dec. 21, in which there was an attack on Pompey even from his boyhood, a complaint about some condemned men and a frightening [threat] of arms. Concerning this, [Pompey] said, "What do you judge that he himself will do, if into his possession the Res Publica comes, when this quaestor of his—sickly and helpless—dares to speak [in this way]?" What more? Not only does he not seem to look out for peace, but he even seems to fear it....To me however this is the most annoying thing: that there is money which I must pay to Caesar....For it is bad form to be one's political opponent's debtor.... <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 118%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Cicero to Atticus (Ad Att. 7.9) Dec. 26/27, 50 B.C. Formiae  ....Do we admit Caesar's candidacy while he has his army, either through the Senate or through the tribunes of the plebs obtaining that concession? Or are we to persuade Caesar to give up his province and his armies, and thus become consul? Or if that is not persuasive to him, do we hold the election without his candidacy—he enduring it, and so retaining his province? Or, if by means of the tribunes of the plebs he does not endure it and nevertheless remains peaceful, is the matter to be brought to a state of affairs where there are no consuls? Or, if for that reason (because his candidacy is not upheld) he brings up his army, then by arms are we to contend with him? He moreover, might make a beginning of arms, either immediately, while are less prepared, or later....Moreover, once war is undertaken either the city must be held or, if it is abandoned, that man from food and the rest of his resources must be shut off— Which of these evils—of which some one certainly must be undergone—do you think the least?...Indeed, day and night I am tortured. {Caesar crosses the Rubicon, and civil war begins, Jan. 10, 49 B.C.} <span style="font-size: 75%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Questions: 1.) How did Cicero feel about Caesar's abilities to run Rome? 2.) What did Caesar do while he was in the army?

Summary: This primary source is about Caesar's candidacy while he was in the army and how that some people thought he was liked by to many people. So people wanted him to die because he had to many followers and too much power.

__**Timeline—Rome (B.C.)**__ 509-Romans overthrow Etruscans 451-Create first constitution Twelve tables 275-Conquer Italian peninsula 89---Italians granted citizenship 83---Sulla comes to power and is dictator 74---Cicero enters the senate 73-71--Craussus is fighting slaves who rebelled, and is victorious 60--Caesar, young general, joins Craussus, Pompey and himself, first triumvirate is formed 53--Craussus dies in battle 53--Triumvirate falls apart 49--Ties between Caesar and Pompey are weak and weakening 48--Caesar defeats Pompey in Egypt 48--Caesar becomes the dictator of Rome 44--Caesar assassinated on the ides of march



In 509B.C. Rome overthrew the Etruscans. Rome's republican era began after the overthrow of the last Roman king,(king of the tarquin army). After the overthrow of the Etruscans, Rome didn't ever revert back to a monarchy. The roman republic was the era that began the growth of Roman power. In this era, Rome was ruled by its senate and essembly; this era was known for its continuous warfare, and was a period of invasion. At the beginning of the republic, Rome created a constitution. This constitution formed the basis of Roman government but ironically wasn't a written or formal document; this constitution was a series of unwritten laws that were continuously changing and followed by all of Rome. in 451 B.C. the forming of the 12 tables was a response to the "battles" between the patrician and plebeian classes. The Roman jurists and commission of magistrates created what is known as the 12 tablets. These laws ensured what all Roman citizens had to follow; these laws also included all private matters and legal procedures.
 * Chapter Summary:**

<span style="font-size: 75%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> **Chapter Assessment:**


 * 1) What is the reason or reasons Rome Fell?
 * 2) Who was in the First Triumvirate and what did they do?
 * 3) Who was in the Second Triumvirate?
 * 4) Do you think that Caesar was murder was right?

Enrichment 2: =Julius Caesar Timeline=

**Events by Year in the Life of Julius Caesar**

 * |||| __[|List of Consuls]__ ||
 * July 13, 100 || Caesar's Birth ||
 * 84 || Marries daughter of L. Cornelius Cinna ||
 * 80-78 || Goes to Asia ||
 * __[|List of Consuls]__ ||
 * 75 || Captured by Pirates ||
 * 73 || Elected Pontifex ||
 * 69 || Cornelia dies ||
 * 67 || Marries Pompeia ||
 * 65 || Elected Aedile ||
 * 63 || Elected Pontifex Maximus ||
 * 62 || Divorces Pompeia ||
 * 61 || Governor of Further Spain ||
 * 60 || Becomes Consul and forms the Triumvirate ||
 * 59 || Consul. Marries Calpurnia ||
 * 58 || Defeats Helvetii and Germans ||
 * 55 || Crosses the Rhine; Invades Britain ||
 * 54 || His daughter, Pompey's wife, dies ||
 * 53 || Crassus killed ||
 * 52 || Clodius murdered; Caesar defeats Vercingetorix ||
 * __[|List of Consuls]__ ||
 * 49 || Crosses the Rubicon - Civil War begins ||
 * 48 || Pompey murdered ||
 * 45 || Declared dictator for life ||
 * 44 || Ides of March, assassinated ||  ||

[|Tiberius] [|Social War] [|Reasons]<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> [|Roman Empire] [|Fall of Rome] [|Decline of Roman Empire] [|2nd triumvirate]

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