The+Golden+Girls

http://www.roman-empire.net/articles/article-003.html

There are many reasons why the Roman Empire fell. It wasn't just one thing. History is made of many causes and effects that affect the future in many different ways. At first Rome started out controlling a small are of land with their army, but soon other areas would pay for the protection of this army, usually by giving the army food or weapons. If any outside area caused any minor problems, Roman's allies would take care of it, Rome wouldn't have to worry about the little things. It had power over trade and the armies at little cost. Rome was full of men ready to join the army it meant nothing just to throw people to their deaths, more could replace with no problem. Soon Rome became an Empire making the surrounding areas part of it. Their goal, all of Europe. Rome became a "Territorial Empire", which means they put their army at the border to expand their territory. Soon the soldiers needed enthusiasm to stay working as hard as they do, fighting and building bridges. Plus they needed people willing to fight so a soldiers paycheck was a large discharge of silver or land. The only problem, Rome wasn’t getting new silver to replace the old. In the beginning of Rome the army was disciplined and ready for a fight. They won because they refused to flee. If one man ran in battle the whole army would suffer. In later centuries the Roman army wasn't as disciplined, they would rather relax get drunk and have orgies. Thus the fall of the army, with new territories the army was also filled with non-Romans. Not everyone in the military was really loyal to Rome. Without disciple and loyalty the army started to fall apart. The Emperors, rulers of the Empire of Rome, in charge of Rome were corrupt and only cared for their own pleasures and power. They cared more about the thrown then the Empire of Rome itself. The Emperors were insane and feared any man that showed potential or skills and intelligence in running an army or government. Generals who would march their armies on Rome leaving the borders to defend for itself. The real question is why didn't the Roman Empire fall earlier? It was ran by mad men insane with power. The armies were changing its loyalties from Rome and attacking it. Corruption was an everyday reality. Rome was a disaster waiting to happen. No power or empire can last forever and the Roman Empire was no different and is shown as an example to this truth.

Cicero was born on January 3rd, 106 b.c. His family was from Arpinum, a town 70 miles south-east of Rome. Cicero studied literature, philosophy, and law while he was in Rome, but but his studies were interupted when he went into the military under Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo during the social war(the war Rome fought against Italy which ended with the extention of Roman citizenship to all of Italy. Cicero then defended Sextus Roscius of America as his lawyer. He turned the tables by turning the accusation of murder back onto one of Roscius's accusers. Cicero claimed that Chrysogonus, one of Sulla's freedmen, had assisted in covering up the murder, then took the deadman's land and sold it at a very low price. This accusation was seen as an attack against Sulla himself. Roscius was released and Cicero became famous. Soon afterwards he took on another politically sensitive case, in which he criticized Sullafor depriving the people of Arretium of their citizenship. He then left for Greece most likely because he thought it would be wise to keep himself scarce. After Cicero went back to Rome. He changed the face of the way courts worked. Cicero became a lawyer against Verres, the governor of Sicily. Usually there would be introduction speeches, then one or more speeches arguing the defendant's guilt, there would be witnesses,then a two day adjornment. There would be more speeches, then the jury would vote. But Cicero made a speech about how unfair it was that only senators could be in the jury, they were very corrupt. He points out that if they do not convict Verres that their seat in the jury would taken away. Then instead of making a speech against Verres, he called his witnesses. Verres then chose to willingly be exiled from Italy. Cicero was then exiled in 59 when Clodiuswas elected he made a law that anyone who had put Roman citizens to death without a trial should be exiled. This was specifically aimed at Cicero. This was the time when Crassus, Caesar, and Pompey, were the unofficial rulers of Rome. Usually called the first triumvrate. When they had first started they had invited Cicero, but he refused, so they werent interested in helping him now. Cicero volenteeringly went into exile, making his way to Greece.

What is Cicero known for? Cicero was mainly known for the part of his life when he was a lawyer. At the time Sulla was the emperor and Cicero’s politically sensitive cases were seen as attacks against Sulla and the way he ruled. When his one case involved the Governor of Sicily, the usual court sessions were ran with many speeches and witnesses, but Cicero accused the jury of being only corrupted senate men. He then called his witnesses, winning the case when Verres, the Governor of Sicily, voluntarily accepted exile.

Explain the First Triumvirate and what did they do? The First Triumvirate included Crassus, Caesar, and Pompey. They took and controlled all of Rome. Pompey and Crassus were great generals that controlled the military, their armies were loyal to them. Crassus and Pompey respected each other and between them they decided to take over all the political events in Rome. While Pompey became the hero on the battlefeild, Crassus gained control of the senate and soon saw Pompey as an enemy, when he came back to get the land he requested and was denied, he burned for revenge. Until Caesar, a young general, suggested that Pompey, Crassus and him join forces. Despite their differences they agreed. In your opinion why did Rome fall? There are many reasons why Rome fell. It was corrupted, friends would backstab friends. The main aim in the Roman Republic was power. To be selfish and climb your way to the top, no matter who gets in the way.

What happens to the 1st Triumvirate? In the end everyone kills each other. Crassus gets murdered. Pompey and Caesar butt heads and have a war. Caesar wins and kills Pompey. Then Caesar has his closes friends murder him. Everyone of then are killed.

Who is Verres and what happens to him? Verres was challenged when Cicero became a lawyer against him. Cicero went against traditional court sessions and basically demanded that the court convict Verres. In he end Verres volunteers to be exiled.

timeline http://www.parthia.com/parthia_timeline.htm __ **509 bc Rome became a republic by overthrowing King Tarquin the Proud** **494 BC revolt of plebian against patricians** **458 BC general cincinatus comes out of retirement and leads Rome to victory** **73 BC slave revolt led by gladiator Spartacus** **60BC Pompey Crassus and Caesar formed the alliance known as the first triumvirate** **58 BC Julius Caesar conquered all of Gaul** **55 BC Julius Caesar attacks all of Brittan** **49BC Julius Caesar ordered to disband the army instead starts a civil war** **44BC Julius Caesar assinated** **44-30 BC civil war with Octavian and marc Antony started** **27 BC beginning of empire age** __ 

Caelius to Cicero (Ad Fam. 8.14) August, 50 B.C.
The proposition is this, concerning which those who have power over affairs are going to come to blows: Gnaeus Pompey has decided that Caesar not be allowed otherwise to become consul, unless he has given over his army and his provinces; Caesar however is persuaded that he cannot be safe, if from his army he withdraws. He brings forward, however, this compromise, that both should give up their armies {Pompey at this time is Proconsul of Spain, in absentia(?)}. Thus their famous friendship and hateful joining together is not falling back into a hidden mutual disparagement but is breaking out into war; nor concerning my own affairs can I discover which plan I should adopt....This, I judge, does not escape you: men who are in a domestic dissension ought, as long as the struggle is statesmanlike and without arms, to follow the more honorable party, but when it comes to war and the camps, the stronger one; and they ought to judge that one better by as much as it is safer. In this discord, I see that Pompey will hold with himself the Senate and those who judge things; to Caesar will go all those who live in fear or evil hope; his army is incomparable entirely. Only let there be sufficient space [of time] for considering the resources of each, and for choosing a party!... If one or the other of them does not go off on a Parthian war, I see great discords hanging over us, which steel and force will settle. Each in spirit and in resource is prepared. If without danger to you it could happen, it is a great and pleasing spectacle with Fortuna has prepared for you! In this letter from Caelius to Cicero, Caelius is explaining to Cicero the events leading to the Pompey and Caesars involvement in the Parthian war. Pompey decides that he wants Caesar to give up his army and provinces. Caesar realizes if he does this he will not be safe, he issues a compromise. Caesar thinks that they should both relinquish their armies. A war between them breaks out. Caelius chooses a side and further tell Cicero what will happen if on or the other backs out of the war. media type="custom" key="3257056"
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Rome became a Republic in 509 BC, when a group of Roman nobles got fed up with their Etruscan King, Tarquin, and drove him from Rome. The Romans hated kings and monarchy government altogether because they didn’t think any one person should have that much power, so instead they formed a republic. In the republic, patricians ruled as members of the senate and the consuls. There were three hundred members of the senate and they served a life long term, and there were two consuls and they served for one year. Plebeians, who were about 93-95% of the population made up the tribunes, who had veto power. In the event of an emergency a dictator was appointed for up to six months or until the problem was solved. One of the most famous dictators of Rome was Cincinnatus, who accomplished the job and quit after three days. The republic had a written law and it was called the twelve tables. Three important men during the Roman republic were Tiberius, Marius and Sulla. Tiberius was a tribune, and a dictator for elections. Marius was very popular with the plebeians because he removed the land requirement on military service. Sulla was a dictator during the Social War and he restored the republic and killed off the opposition. The Social War was an uprising against Rome by its Italian allies who were fighting to win Roman citizenship. From a military point of view the fighting was inconclusive, but Rome gave full citizenship to all Italians south of the Po. After the death of Marius and Sulla, Pompey claimed their power for himself. While he was making his name well known within the republic, Crassus and his army defeated Spartacus and his followers. Between Pompey and Crassus, they saw an opportunity to take control of political events. They worked to bring more power to the plebeians and less for the aristocratic patricians. As Crassus was making himself a powerful political figure of Rome, he considered Pompey as an enemy because of his success on the battlefield. Julius Caesar sought an ally in Pompey and suggested Pompey and Crassus join forces. Soon these three men found themselves in control of Rome, and this was known as the first triumvirate. During this time, Caesar conquered all of Gaul in 58 BC, and attacks all of Britain in 55 BC. He also wins a civil war against Pompey and the republicans. He was assassinated in 44 BC. The second three-man ruling group to rule Rome, formed to fill the void on government left by Julius Caesar’s death. The members were Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus. When Antony became involved with Cleopatra and decided to fight Rome, Octavian played a part on defeating Antony’s forces. Once Antony was out to the way and Lepidus was forced to retire, Octavian was free to become Augustus Caesar. 30 BC marked the end of the republic.
 * __ The Roman Republic __**