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 * The Roman Republic: the rise of the republic, the republic itself, and the fall of the republic**


 * __The Fall of the Roman Republic__ **

Cicero was an important statesmen and orator during a critical period in Roman history. When Cicero was consul he uncovered a conspiracy that was being hatched by Senator Catiline to overthrow the senate which would have led to another civil war. The picture above shows Cicero making a speech against Catiline.

= __Sulla__ = Sulla gained his power by doing many things starting with a guy named Marius. Marius served as a legate in the Roman army. In this army there were a hundred thousand men that took the field against allies. The first year of the war the Romans were unfavorable. They were unfavorable because they were being charged with destruction. In the second year of the war they had made a lot of changes.  They made changes in preparations and commanders. The commander that they did change was Marius. Marius couldn’t continue his commands because of his age so they had L. Cornelius Sulla. Sulla was a subordinate of Marius. Now Sulla was made the chief commander in Campania.  When Marius found out about all of this and he didn’t like it very much. This war came to an end with the help of Pompey’s father Pompieus Strabo. He had conquered the Italian capital; Corfinium and Sulla conquered the second capital Bovianum. Three hundred thousand men that were either Romans or Italians that had lost their lives. War was not a new thing for Sulla. Sulla has done a lot to help with Rome. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">With Sulla being so good <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">at being a leader he and was elected to the consulship. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Sulla was then elected to conduct the war in the East against the greatest enemy of Rome, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Mithridates, king of Ponus. Marius has now joined the politics. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Now Marius is trying to gain his people back and trying to get Sulla out of being the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">commander postion. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">One day Sulla went to his troops and appealed to them for support and authority. His troops responded. So when they responded <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Sulla took his troops and marched off to Rome. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The first time ever the Roman Legion fought in the streets. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">While this was going on Marius and <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Sulpicius were <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">driven from the city. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">So now at that time Sulla was supreme. Sulla called in the senate. he had called out the senate because he <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">wanted to annulle the laws passed by Sulpicius. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">He had also caused the leaders of the popular party to become outlaws. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Sulla during all of this <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">gave the senate the right to approve or reject <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">all laws before they should be submitted to the people. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">With Sullas army at his side he could do <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">whatever he wanted. Now Sulla took as much as an advantage as he could. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">After doing all of these things Sulla had finally met up with Cicero. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Cicero is a very smart man. He was smart in the reading writing and even in speaking. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">When Sulla and Cicero had met they were cery different <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">people. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Cicero took on a case that was against Sulla. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The case he was working on was about the land. The land was owned by Chrysogonus. Now <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">the story goes that the owner of the lands son, Roscius. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">He thought that Sulla had killed his father, and so did Cicero. So Cicero thought that <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">he was going to put him in jail for muder. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">All they thought that Sulla had killed him just for his land. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Well Sulla started to get mad and upset <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">at the fact that someone was questioning what he did. Sulla didn't like when people would think that he was wrong. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">So when word got to Cicero <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">that he was mad, Cicero fled town. He had ran away so that Sulla wouldn't come find him and kill him. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">So after awhile of running away Cicero <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">had gotten word that Sulla had died. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0,76,255); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">When he had heard this Cicero came back and jumped right back into everything and lived till December 7, 43 B.C. = __The First Triumvirate__ = <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The First Triumvirate was a term used to describe the unofficial political alliance between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. Pompey and Crassus were <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">jealous  <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">of what each other had, but Caesar kept the first triumvirate going. <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">This alliance allowed them to dominate all political affairs completely. It began in <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">60BC and lasted until  <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Crassus’s death in 53BC. <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">no official status whatsoever – its overwhelming power in the Roman Republic was strictly unofficial <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">influence, and was  <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">in fact kept secret for some time as part of the political machinations of the Triumvirs themselves. The first Triumvirate would <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">have been a success but each man  <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">wanted something different. Pompey wanted to be in the battlefield, Crassus wanted political power, and Caesar wanted power. <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245);"> <span style="color: rgb(55,0,245);"> = __The Second Triumvirate__ = <span style="color: rgb(11,233,254); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Second Triumvirate was made up of three men also, Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus. <span style="color: rgb(11,233,254); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">It was formed on November 26 of 43 BC. They each served for two terms of five years each. <span style="color: rgb(11,233,254); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Mark Antony and Octavian divided the power of ruling Rome between themselves and Lepidus. Octavian took power over the western provinces, <span style="color: rgb(11,233,254); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Antony takes power over the eastern provinces, and they leave a small share for Lepidus. Octavian captures Sicily from Pompey's son. <span style="color: rgb(11,233,254); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">After he succeeds in this task, he forces Lepidus to retire and then, he tries to take Antony out of power. <span style="color: rgb(11,233,254); font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">He succeeds and becomes the sole ruler of all of Rome. He was later titled Augustus Caesar, the first Roman Emporer. <span style="color: rgb(11,233,254);"> <span style="color: rgb(5,5,5);"> = __Timeline__ = <span style="color: rgb(255,0,235);">
 * 510 BC June 14: Roman Republic is formed and ruled by two annually elected consuls**
 * 509 BC Lucius Junius BRUTUS - Consul**
 * 450 BC The "Twelve Tables" are created out of bronze that defined the civil rights of the people and codes of law**
 * 106 BC Jan-3 Cicero is born**
 * 87 BC Sulla goes to Greece and besieges Athens - Marius & Cinna take control of Rome**
 * 86 BC Sulla defeats King Mithridates at Chaeronea (n/w of Athens, Greece) to re-secure Roman territory in Greece & Asia, during 1st Mithridatic War (89 - 84)**
 * 82 BC SULLA returns to Rome, quells opposition to end Civil War and becomes dictator of Rome**
 * 79 BC SULLA abidcates, returns to private life and dies shortly thereafter**
 * 70 BC Consulship of Crassus and Pompey begins**
 * 60-53 First Triumvirate - Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus**
 * 49-44 Caesar rules as dictator**
 * 48 BC War of 1st Triumvirate, Pompey and his army are defeated by Caesar and his army; Pompey runs away to Egypt, where he was murdered.**
 * 48-47 Alexandrain War - Julius Caesar defeats Ptolemy, King of Egypt, places Cleopatra on throne of Egypt and becomes her lover, Conquers Pharnaces in Pontus in Asia Minor and proclaims****"Veni, Vidi, Vici" (I came, I saw, I conquered)**
 * 45 BC March 17 Julius Caesar defeats Pompey's sons at Munda during War of the First Triumvirate.**
 * 44 BC Julius Caesar declares himself "Dictator for Life**
 * 43 BC Dec-7 Cicero dies**
 * 43-33 Second Triumvirate - Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus**

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= __Primary Source__ =

**Cicero to Cassius (Ad Fam. 12.4) Feb. 2, 43 B.C.** I wish that on the Ides of March you had invited me to dinner: of left-overs there would have been none {a reference to Brutus' refusal to turn the assassination into a purge, and the consequent survival of Mark Antony}. Now your left-overs are what worry me, and indeed me beyond the others....Nothing is more foul than that concerning Philippus and Piso, the ambassadors, nothing more disgraceful. When they were sent to announce to Antony, by the Senate's vote, certain definite things; when that man obeyed none of those things, they besides brought from him to us his intolerable demands.... Translation : In this letter to Cassius, Cicero is stating that he wanted to be part of the assassination of Caesar. When Cicero stated that there were left overs, he meant that they should have killed everyone that was in power. Cicero is saying that just killing Caesar was not enough. Killing Caesar was a good decision and will solve some of the problems but, they almost created more because of the people that were left behind that followed Caesar. One person that was seen as one of the biggest threats was Mark Antony. In this letter Cicero simply states to Cassius that they should have killed everyone that was a threat instead of just taking a piece of the pie by killing Caesar. = = = = = = = = = __Chapter Assessment__ = =<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(255,0,135); line-height: 19px;">1- What is the First Triumvirate do? = <span style="color: rgb(255,0,135);">2- Who is Sulla? 3- How do Sulla and Cicero know each other? 4- Who were the three men that created the Second Triumvirate? 5- What does Cicero do when he finds out that Cicero is upset with him, and why was he mad at him? 6- How does Marius feel when he found out that Sulla was now to do to get his power back? 7- How long were the terms in the Second Triumvirate?

= __Chapter Summary__ = = __The Rise of the Roman Republic__ = In 509 BC, Roman nobles pushed the etruscan King to retire because they did not like him or the way he ruled. Without a king, Rome was a republic. They created a senate, from the leading patrician families, who ruled Rome entirely. They were so used to one person ruling all, so they chose two patricians as leaders, or consuls.The romans chose two so that not all power would be given to one consul. Although the consuls could declare an emergency and require power for six months, they could not declare war.Even though they could not declare war they were made commanders in chief of the military, which included the power to have soldiers executed for lack of discipline. = __The Roman Republic__ = The government of the Roman Republic was divided into the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The legislative branch made the laws. It was made up of the senate which included three hundredembers who were all patricians. The executive branch executed the laws. It was made up of two consuls, made up of patricians, citizens of the upper class, who could only serve one year, and the tribunes who could only serve for one year alsobut was made up of plebians, citizens of the lower class. The judicial branch interprets the laws of the people. The judicial branch wrote the twelve tables in 450 BC, which defined the rights of the people.The twelve tables became the basis for the Roman Republic. Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar rule Rome togther for some time, also. They each controlled a pat of the Roman government until Crassus died. After his death, Pompey and Caesar got ito a civil war. Caesar kills pompey and becomes dictator between the yearsof 49 BC and 44 BC. In 44 BC, he declares himself "Dictator for Life" and then gets killed shortly after. = __The Fall of the Roman Republic__ = The Roman Republic came to a sad end. After everything that had gone on to Cicero and Sulla. How they had their own disagreement because of land. Then came the First and Second Triumvirate. With the First Triumvirate talking about how no agreed to the same thing and everyone being mad at each other. so theat had came to an end. Then the Second Triumvirate was about How the three men, Octavian, Antony and Lepidus. The three men divided the power that they had. Well Antony started to think that he should rule all of Rome. Antony went and got Octavians power then got Lepidus's power. After all of this Antony gives his power to Caesar. So from all of these ups and downs the Roman Republisc came to an end after Caesar had passed on.

= __Citations__ = Thrush's. "Strawberry Shortcake." __ The Bakers Kitchen __. 19 Feb 2009 < http://www.thebakerskitchen.com/BAKEWARE_SHOPPE/Character_Shaped_Pans/Strawberry_Shortcake.htm >.

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