FTWIN

__CICERO__ Cicero as born on July 3rd, 106BC, from the town of Arpinum. Cicero studied literature, philosophy, and law in Rome. He was also in the military under Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo during the social war, fought 90-88. He claims to have supported Sulla, without actually taking up arms.

__SULLA__ Cicero defended Sextus Roscius of Ameria agienst parricide by turning the accusattion of murder back on the accusers. What caused this was ciceros claim that Chrysogonus, one of sulla's freedman, had helped in covering up the murder and for his pains, had bought all of the dead mans property, despite all ciceros protests, as an attack on Sulla himself. Afterward, cicero took on another politically sensitive case, in which he criticized sulla for depriving people of their citizenship. Cicer then left for Greece.

__VERRES__ In 75, Cicero became questor and served in sicily, securing the grain supply. the sicilians approached him to undertake the prosecution of Verres, who had completed his term of office as Governer of Sicily, for extortion. Verres' strategy was to make the proceedings last to the next year when his defending advocatewould be one of the consuls, and one member of the metelli family, supporters of verres, presiding over the court where he was tried. Cicero warned the jury that if they do not convict Verres, their jury privledges might be taken away.

__THE FIRST TRIUMVRATE__ Clodius was elected and in '58 brought in a law that anyone who put roman citizens to deathwithout a trial should be exiled. This was aimed at ciceros execution of lentulus and the cother catilinarians. In This time, Crassus, ceasar, and pompey, were the onoffiial rulers of rome, in the league known as the first triumvrate. when they first united, cicero was invited to join them, but refused.

(2)**June, 43 B.C.** I myself however have no gratitude for a man who, while not serve an angered [dominator], does not deprecate the matter [of domination] itself....Let Octavius therefore call Cicero "father," refer all things to him, thank him; nevertheless this will become apparent: his words are contrary to what he is really doing....For what is it to our cause that Antony is conquered, if he has been conquered so that which he held lies open for another?....I myself certainly...will wage war against the thing itself, that is against kingship and extraordinary supreme commands and domination and power which would wish itself to be above the laws.... In this text, Brutus says to Atticus that he has no respect for any man trying to become king. Whoever is to become king, will be assassinated. This means that when a king is established, the end of the republic will be coming. All of these men will combine into a group of men in which to kill Caesar, for all of these men want to become emperors.
 * Apr. 21, 43 B.C.** ....Of Caesar [Octavian], truly a boy, marvelous is the innate quality of his manliness! If only so easily now that he is flourishing due to his office and his patronage I could direct and hold him, as easily as so far I have held him! This is wholly a more difficult thing, but nevertheless I have not lost faith; for the young man is persuaded—and mostly by me—that by his work we have been saved. And certainly, unless he had turned Antony off the city, all would have been lost....

In this letter, Brutus tells Atticus that Octavian believes he is a very strong manly person and that they have control over him. They believe that this has been a difficult thing to accomplish, but Brutus has persuaded Octavian that he is the savior of Rome and if he was not there to save them, everything would have been lost.
 * May 15, 43 B.C.** ....Beyond your prudence—which you have in abundance—nothing from you is asked for except moderation in the giving out of high offices. All other things you have so much that with those of anyone you like of the ancients your good qualities could be compared: this one thing, from a grateful and generous spirit begun, is asked for: a more cautious and a more moderate generosity. For in no way ought the Senate to give to anyone what for those thinking in an evil way might provide an example or an advantage. And so I fear, concerning the consulship, lest that Caesar of yours think that he has climbed up so high, by your decrees, that from there—if he is made consul—he might not climb down.

What is Brutus trying to say to Cicero in this passage?

__Chapter Summary__
Titus Lucretius Carus was an Epicurean poet who wrote in the middle years of the first century BCE. He wrote a six book latin hexameter poem and it's argued over whether he lived to put the finishing touches on it. Also he was a pioneering figure in the history of philosophical poetry who came to be the primary source of information on Epicurean physics. Lex Pompeia was an important law which granted "Latin right". The right of certain foreighners to marry and trade with Roman citizens together with the possiblility, after transferal to Rome, of obtaining Roman citizenship. Sulla's first march on Rome through to his dictatorship, It was proposed to transfer command in Asia from Sulla to Marius and Sulla seizes Rome. Cinna and Marius who are in control of Rome massacre Sulla's supportors. Sulla lands in Greece he beseiges Athens and coinquers it. Marius and Cinna are killed; Sulla then starts a second war and is victorious. This leads to his dictatorship. Spartacus was a famous slave and trained gladiator who led a class rebellion of slaves against Rome in an attempt at freedom. He defeated numerous Roman Battalions, but was finally defeated by Crassus with the help of Pompey. The birth of Octavian who would be a famous polician in Rome and lead in the Empire. The first triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar was an alliance formed in late 60 BCE and remained a secret for some time. Caesar had the people's support and the support of Rome's two most powerful men, defeated his enemies when he needed to, and held the highest office in Rome by the age of 40. Titus Livius was a major Roman historian and tutor to the future emporer Claudius. Livy's lifework was a recording of the history of Rome; he wrote 142 books. The second triumvirate of Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian was a legal arrangement that was written into the constitution November 43 BCE. This government was a joint dictatorship, the three members had ultimate authority capable of completely disregarding Republican and Senetorial tradition with the use of military force. The Julio-Claudians were an important family that ruled for nearly a century. They laid the foundation for the politics of the empire and gave Rome its first eight emporers. The composition of Virgil's Aenid was a mythological epic put together to tell the story of Rome in the mnner of Homer.

__ A Timeline of Roman Events

98 BCE – Titus Lucretius Carus 89 BCE – Lex Pompeia 88-82 BCE – Sulla: His 1st march and dictatorship 73-71 BCE – Slave War of Spartacus 63 BCE – Birth of Octavian, later Augustus Caesar 60 BCE – 1st Triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar 59 BCE-17 AD – Titus Livius (Livy) __ __ 43-33 BCE – 2nd Tiumvirate of Atony, Lepidus, and Octavin 27 BCW-68 AD – The Julio - Cloudians 19 BCE – Composition of Virgils Aeneid __  (6) Glass Garland Bowl This glass bowl was made in Rome in Augustan during the late first century B.C. The bowl was made with four different colored glasses (purple, yellow, blue, and colorless) in four roughly equal sections. This example is the only one in this collection in which the technique is combined with fused on decoration. Therefore, this bowl is a great example of a masterpiece of glass work during this time period. This technique developed the art of glassblowing. Wall Painting: Polyphemus and Galatea in a landscape, from the imperial villa at Boscotrecase. This painting was created in Rome in Augustan during the last decade of the first century B.C. This painting shows the cyclops Polyphemus as a person who did not accomplish his goal of being with the beautiful sea nymph named Galatea. Galatea is shown in the lower left. Polyphemus is shown in this picture trying to gain Galatea into his life with his panpipe but is unsuccessful at this. The two links combining the two themes of this picture are the fortunes of love and the forever there sea. When painted, the blueish green background signifies that the magical landscapes of this era brought a coolness to the area in which the painting was hung.
 * Bronze statue of an aristocratic boy**

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This Roman statue was, like the other forms of art, made in Augustan in 27 B.C - AD 14. The statue was most likely made in Rhode Island. The statue is of a young, rich, Roman boy who wishes to be seen as a prince. At times, people have said that this statue was that of Gaius, Lucius, Caesar, or grandsons of the emperor Augustus. ====== = =

__CHAPTER ASSESSMENT__

1. What was Sulla's role in rome between 88-82 BCE? 2pts 2. Explain the 1st and 2nd Triumvrate. Who was in them and what did they do? 4pts 3. What was the importance of Spartacus to the Romans and the lowerclass citizens? How did he effect Rome's history? 3pts 4. Why was Caesar such in important character throughoght history in Rome? 2pts 5. What do you think Rome is best known for or remembered by? 1pt

__CITATIONS__
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