Buttercups

Section One .
**The Gracchi.**  In 133 B.C 2 brothers Tiberius and Gracchus began to complain about the treatment of the farmer soldiers. They were getting reduced to poverty. The two brothers were trying to redistribute public land to the farmers. They did have public help. This made the senate very mad because they thought they were taking power from them. They urged mobs to kill tiberius and Gracchus. This is what began the Roman Revolution. **Marius**  In 107 B.C the revolution was dragged on further when general Marius was elected to be the consulship. He was popular because of his military talents. He eliminated property qualifications for military service and began to accept anyone into the army. People started to sign up for the army because they thought at the end of the war they would get plunder and land. They all became devoted to the general. **Marius Reformed the Roman Army:** Marius needed more troops, so he instituted policies that changed the complexion of the Roman army. Instead of requiring a minimum property qualification of his soldiers, Marius recruited poor soldiers with promises of pay and land. To serve as military leader against Rome's enemies, Marius was elected consul a record-breaking 7 times. **The Social War**  Events were brewing among Roman's Italian allies. This was a dramatic transformation of the nature of the Roman stat and the Roman identity. The allies were trying to obtain Roman citizenship. The senate wanted to keep the monopoly on power. In 90 B.C., the italian allies rebelled. This was one of the bloodiest wars in Roman history. The italians were trained just as well as the Romans were. The rebells were defeated. But the Romans decided to give the italians citizenship and included all of italy. **Sulla** The social was had revealed the talent of Lucius Corneius Sulla. In 88 B.C Sulla rose to the consulship. Marius tried to prevent him from taking a military command. Sulla marched rome with his legions. Th civil was the followed Sulla emerged victorious and became dictator. He executed those who had opposed him or whom he believed to be a danger to the senate. He became the government of the old Republic He eventually retired and died peacefully on his farm. **Caesar and Octavian**  When Sulla had died it was practically the end of the old Republic. This came with the ambitions of three men: Gaius Pompey, Julius Caeser and Licinius Crassus. These three men followed in Sulla's footstep. They combined themselves into a private alliance. In 60 B.C they dominated the Roman state through what became know as the First Triumvirate, or rule of the three men. Caesar eventually defated Pompey and toke full ontrol of the state. in 44 B.C the senate declared Caesar as dictator for life. A group of senators tried to save the Republic and murder caesar in the senate chamber on the ides of march. This did not solve anything. They then assemblied the second Triumvirate to take control of the affaris of the Republic. Octavian alone eventually controlled Rome. The next period of Roman History had begun.

SECTION TWO- Letters
** Caelius to Cicero Aug, 50 B.C.  -- Pompey decides that Caesar cannot become consul unless he gives up his army and his provinces. Pompey and Caesars’ famous friendship and their hateful alliance is in fact starting to break into war. Pompey will be in charge of the senate and those who judge things, where as Caesars’ army is entirely unique and powerful  __Cicero to Atticus Dec, 25/26__ -- Res Publica comes and seems to look out for peace but even seems to fear the peace. This is the most annoying thing that there is money which Cicero must pay to Caesar. For it is bad to be someone’s political opponent’s debtor.  __Cicero to Atticus Jan, 10 49 B.C.__ -- Unless I’m insane, Pompey’s plan has been silly in every way as well as rash. I don’t think that he knows what he’s going to do, and no one else even knows. If Pompey remains I fear he will be unable to hold a firm army whether he wants to make a stand anywhere or go across the sea, it is unknown what he will do . **
 *  - these letters were found from these various people and most importantly Pompey and Caesar are competing to become in charge of Rome, though both men had troubles and setbacks to achieving this. **[[image:julius-caesar-1.jpg width="200" height="279" align="left"]]

 -April, 62, Cicero writes to Pompey the Great, both the defensive and self-praising words, to himself: <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 19px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;"> expected to find a word of congratulation upon them in your letter, both for friendship's sake and that of the commonwealth. I imagine you omitted anything of the sort for fear of giving offense in any quarter. But I must tell you that what I have done for the safety of the country stands approved in the judgment and testimony of the whole world." "** ||  ||
 * ||  || //**"**// **".let me speak plainly, as becomes my character and our friendly relations. My achievements have been such that I

=
The Roman Republic began after the overthrow of the Tarquin Monarchy. Rome doesn’t go back to a monarchy for the rest of its history. The Punic War was fought between the Romans and the Carthaginians. This war showed the world that Rome was a major power and influence in the Mediterranean. By 264 BC, all of Italy was under Roman control. Having control of Italy provided the Romans with the soldiers they needed to expand further. The First Sicilian war was a slave revolt led by Eunus. The slaves conquered a large area before the Roman Army defeated them. Cicero was the greatest speaker among many statesmen and was elected to consul. He was eventually forced from office by his enemies and went into political retirement. The first triumvirate was composed of Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus, and Marcus Licinius Crassus. Caesar was always trying to keep peace between Crassus and Pompey. When Crassus died, fighting broke out between Pompey and Caesr for control of Rome. This caused the fall of the first triumvirate. Julius Caesar was very popular when he first became dictator. By the end of his life he had acquired many enemies. On March 15 he was murdered by some of his closest friends because they did not want a king. Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus were the second three-man ruling group. Antony got involved with Egypt’s pharaoh, Cleopatra, and decided to fight Rome. Octavian defeated Antony and forced Lepidus into retirement allowing himself to become the first true emperor of Rome. =====

__ Section 4: __
**__ Timeline. __**

__-509BC__  The begining of the Roman Republic __-265 to 241 BC__ The First Punic War __-264 BC__ All of Italy under Roman control __-136 to 132 BC__ The first Sicilian War __-63 BC__ Cicero elected consul __-60 BC__ The 1st Triumverant -Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar __-46 to 44 BC__ Caesars dictatorship __-44 BC__ Caesar is murdered __-43 to 23 BC__ The 2nd Triumverant -Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian __-31 BC__ Roman Republic ends Octavian becomes leader The Roman Empire begins

__Section 5:__
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= __Section 7:__ =

http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_time_endofrepublic.htm http://www.publishit.com/History/TheRomanRepublic/index.html http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html __http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://web.mac.com/Picture________________ __http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_sicily.html http://www.answers.com/topic/cicero <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;"> __http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ROME/REPUBLIC.HTM____ __ http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://web.mac.com/__ <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);"> __http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/wwww/world/secondtriumviratedef.htm__ <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">Julius Caesar [|karenswhimsy.com/pictures-of#E5] __http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://z.about.com/d/ancienthistory/1/0/s/V/2/Marius_Glyptothek_Munich_319.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ancienthistory.about.com__ _